Law and Law Enforcement

The English Legal System and English Law

• History of the Judiciary

• History of Justices of The Peace (Magistrates)

• Another History of Justices of The Peace

• Ancestors and The Law

• Medieval Legal History

• The Nature of Courts and The Law Before 1176

• English Legal History 12th-14th Century

• The Bill of Rights, 1689

• Blackstone's Commentaries on The Laws of England, 1765-1769

• Common Law in Medieval England

• History of The Criminal Court Circuits

• A History of Crime and Punishment

• Crime and Punishment 1790-1870

• Victorian Crime and Punishment

• A History of Punishment From 1750-1900

• Poverty and Juvenile Crime

• The System of Criminal Prosecution in the 19th Century

• Ancient, Medieval and Renaissance Documents

Courts

• Quarter Sessions Records and Family Historians

• Quarter Sessions Records- What They Hold

• History of Assize Courts

• Manorial Courts

• Metropolitan Police Courts

• History of The Central Criminal Court (Old Bailey)

• London's Legal System in 1900

• Criminal Courts in The 19th Century

• History of Her Majesty's Court Service

• The Court of Chivalry 1634-1640

• History of Trafford Magistrates Court

The Inns of Court

• Introduction to the Inns of Court

• Legal London in 1900: The Inns of Court

• Gray's Inn Library and Archives Also holds the surviving records of Barnard's Inn & Staple's Inn.

• Lincoln's Inn Library and Archives

Legal Systems in other Jurisdictions

• The Scottish Legal System

• The Stair Society - History of Scots Law

• National Archives of Scotland - Criminal Courts

• Isle of Man Legal System

• The French Legal System

• The Legal System and Legislation in France

• The Legal System in The Caribbean

Trials and Court Records

• Famous Trials~Worldwide

• A Guide to Searching Assize Court Records

• Victorian Crime and Punishment Includes a database of Criminal Records

• Early 18th Century Crime Reports- Newspaper Extracts

• Some Early Law Reports for Lancashire, Lincolnshire, Sussex and Yorkshire

• Medieval Year Books 1290-1535

• Henry III Fine Rolls, 1216-1272

• Abstracts of Feet of Fines 1360-1509

• Calendars of Patent Rolls 1492-1547

• Important English Trials 1649-1895

• A True and Perfect Relation of the Proceedings at the Severall Arraignments of the Late Most Barbarous Traitors (1606)

London

• The Proceedings of The Old Bailey, London 1674 to 1913

• London Assize of Nuisance Records 1301-1431

• London Possessory Assizes 1340-1451

• The London Eyre of 1244 -Royal Courts

• The London Eyre of 1276

• 18th Century Hackney Petty Sessions Records

• Searchable Records of The Court of Chivalry 1634-1640

Regional

• Bedford Eyre 1202

• Crime and Punishment in Buckinghamshire

• Chester - Quarter Sessions Records and Other Records of The Justices of The Peace Abstracts of Selected Documents 1528 - 1760

• Persons Tried at The Derbyshire Petty Sessions and Quarter Sessions 1770-1828.

• Devon Quarter Sesssion Records, Easter 1830

• A History of Crime and Punishment in Dundee

• Essex Assize List 1600-1625

• Kent Quarter Sessions Indices Records between 1682 and 1804

• Extract From Roll of The Court of Common Pleas, Kent 1308

• Some Oxenhoath, Kent Court Rolls, 17th & 18th C.

• Feet of Fines - Lancashire, Lincoln and Sussex

• Prisoners Sentenced to Transportation from Lewes Assizes Between c1790 and c1850

• Lincolnshire Eyre 1202

• A Guide to Court & Prison Records in Manchester

• Middlesex Quarter Sessions 1550-1709

• Extracts from The Nantwich Manor Court Rolls 1592-1691

• The New Forest Verderers' Court

• Northamptonshire Eyre 1202

• Convicts Tried at Nottingham Borough Quarter Sessions Assizes -Details of Prisoners who were subsequently deported to Australia

• A History of Crime in Northumberland and Durham

• Indexing Quarter Session Records - the Shropshire Experience

• Pie Powder Courts in Southampton

• Southampton's Court Leet

• Staffordshire Eyre, 1203

• Shropshire Eyre 1203

• History of Crime and Detection in Shropshire

• Court Cases from the Swindon Advertiser 1844 & 1845- A CD to buy - a few extracts are on line

• Calendar of Wigan Borough Court Leet Rolls from 1686

• An index of Prisoners - York Assizes Between 1785 and 1851

• Court of Great Sessions in Wales from 1730 until 1830.

• Crime and Punishment in Powys

• Caernarfonshire Quarter Sessions Records 1546-1795

• History of the Courts in the Isle of Man

• English Witch Trials

• The Trial of the Lowestoft Witches

• Essex Witch Trials

• The Dunmow Flitch Trials Includes Successful Claimants from 1445

Ecclesiastical Courts

• Ecclesiastical Courts

• The Ecclesiatical Church - Structures and Procedures

• The Rise and Fall of the Ecclesiastical Courts

• Church Records

• Church Courts - BBC History

• Historic Records of the Diocese of Oxford

• Leicester Archdeaconry Court - Winter v Petcher 1597-8

For Licensed Victuallers' Records see separate page -Court Sessions and Victuallers' Licences

For Poor Law Information see separate page -Poor Law and Workhouse Records

For Emigration and Immigration and Convict Transportation see separate page -Emigration and Immigration

Gaols and Prisons

• Aylesbury Prison in the 1870s

• Bedford Gaol in the 19th Century

• Chester Gaol, 1808-1816

• Executed Prisoners Derby Gaol 1756-1825

• Inmates of Derby Gaol 1750-1868

• A History of Durham Gaol

• Prisoners in Gloucestershire Gaols, 1850 & 1851

• Prisons in Herefordshire

• Convicts Held at Lancaster Castle

• A History of London Prisons

• Life Inside Newgate Prison, London

• HMP Parkhurst in 19th Century

• History of Ruthin Gaol

• Jail and Bail Bond Books of Dumfries

• Inmates of Dundee Jail in 1819

• Inveraray Prison

• Walton Gaol- Inmates and Staff, 1881

• Inmates of Warwick County Prison 1800 - 1900

• Warwickshire Prisoners 1800-1900

• Life for Children in Prison in Victorian Britain

The Police

• Police Force Roll of Honor

• The Police Index

• The PARISH CONSTABLE, The Precursor of Today's Special Constable

• The Police History Society

• Garda Síochána Historical Society

London Police

• Friends of the Metropolitan Police Historical Collection

• History of The Metropolitan Police Force

• Metropolitan Police (London): Records of Service

• City of London Police Wikipedia

• A Brief History of London Police

• Metropolitan Police Orders Database

• City of London Police

• Index of Metropolitan Police Listed in The Police Orders of 1878

• History of the Metropolitan Police

• The Thames Police Museum

Regional Police

• Essex Police Museum

• Hampshire Constabulary History Society

• The History of Lincolnshire Police

• Nottinghamshire Police History

• Surrey Police History

• History of Wiltshire Police

• History of South Wales Police Headquarters

• A History of The Isle of Man Police

• The Glasgow Police Museum

• History of Fife Police

• Tayside Police History and Museum

• Northern Ireland Police Museum

Books

Tracing your Police Ancestors: A guide for family historians by Stephen Wade. ISBN 978 184415 878 2

Murder

• Black Sheep Index

• Comprehensive list of Murders and Murderers

• Murders in Liverpool

Executions-Executioners

• The English Hangmen from 1850 to 1964

• Capital Punishments Executed at Strangeways, Manchester

• List Of Executions - England 1606 Onward

• Capital Punishment in the 18th & 19th Centuries

• Capital Punishment in the Commonwealth

• The Abolition of Hanging in Britain

• Timeline of Capital Punishment in Britain

• The History of Judicial Hanging in Britain.

• The Guillotine Headquarters

• Executions in Derbyshire 1556-1905

• The Halifax Gibbet

Some Legal Definitions

Crown Court

Crown Courts hear the most serious criminal cases, although all matters will have already had at least one hearing in the Magistrates' Court. The first Crown Courts were established in 1956 in Manchester and Liverpool, and by 1972 Crown Courts had completely replaced the old Assize Courts and also taken over the criminal funtions of the Quarter Session Courts.

Assize Court

These heard the most serious criminal cases from the 13th Century until 1972 (1956 in Manchester and Liverpool) when they were replaced by Crown Courts. In 1834 the Central Criminal Court (the Old Bailey), was opened as the Assize Court for the metropolitan area of Greater London. Until about 1733, most Assize Court records are in Latin.

Quarter Sessions

The Quarter Sessions were held 4 times a year by Justices of the Peace, once in each legal term i.e during Epiphany, Easter, Midsummer and Michaelmas. They dealt with criminal cases and some civil matters such as licensing, bastardy, bancruptcy, maintenance and Poor Law cases. For a more complete list see Quarter Sessions . They existed from 1361 until 1972, although by this time many of their functions had been taken over by Local Authorities

Petty Sessions

These existed from the 16th Century and were presided over by Justices of the Peace. They dealt with criminal cases that were not sufficiently serious to warrant trial by jury and poor relief and licensing matters

District Bancruptcy Courts

These existed outside London between 1842 and 1869 when their work was taken over by local county courts.

London Bankruptcy Court

This existed until 1883 when its business was transferred to the High Court

Court of Common Pleas

These came into existence in the 13th Century and heard common law civil actions such as debt cases. In 1873 they became part of the High Court, known as the Common Pleas Division and in 1880 became part of the Queen´s Bench Division.

County Court

Created in 1846 to hear Civil claims. The claims involving the largest amounts of money are heard at The Royal Courts of Justice

Royal Courts of Justice (RCJ)

This is in The Strand, London and came into existence in 1882 to accomodate the Supreme Court of Judicature which itself consisted of the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeal.

The High Court Court of England and Wales

The High Court, part of the Royal Courts of Justice in The Strand, London consists of three Divisions dealing with civil disputes: the Queen’s Bench Division, the Chancery Division and the Family Division, ( which until 1970 was known as the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division)

Court Leet

The Court Leet was presided over by the Lord of the Manor, and usually held twice a year. It elected constables, other officers to deal with issues relalting to highways and footpaths , poaching, stray animals drunkards, weights & measures, ale quality bread quality, market trading cattle and swine lookers, water supplies fire prevention and the poor. It also tried petty offences.

House of Lords

This is the final Court of Appeal for both Criminal and Civil matters.

Bigamy If a marriage takes place legally in the United Kingdom and one or both parties is already legally married, the second marriage will be bigamous and is void. Bigamy became a criminal offence in 1861 and is currently triable either in the Magistrates' Court or the Crown Court.

Covenant a duty to do something in relation to land or a building, such as to keep it in good repair. A restrictive covenant is an obligation not to do something in relation to land or a building -eg an obligation not to run a business from the premises

Easement The entitlement to exercise a right over someone else's land - for example a right of way or a right to light.

Larceny The theft of property. Now called theft following the introduction of the Theft Act in 1968

Tipstaff In England and Wales, an officer of the civil courts whose purpose is to enforce warrants. In Northern Ireland, a court official who sits next to the judge and assists in opening and closing hearings, and assembling legal documents for the judge.

Plaintiff Someone who brings a civil action. Now called a Claimant.

Indictable offence A more serious Criminal offence, triable only by a Judge and Jury

Summary Offence A more minor criminal offence, heard only by magistrates.

Mens Rea "a guilty mind". To be found guilty of a crime, the prosecution must prove that there is both the Actus Reus - ie the criminal act was actually committed - and also the Mens Rea- ie that there was intention to behave dishonestly.

Miscellaneous

• A History of Punishment From 1750-1900

• Juvenile Crime in the 19th Century

• The System of Criminal Prosecution in the 19th Century

• Crime on the Lines -Crimes committed on British Railways

• UK Historic Serious Crime and Victim Index

• The Magna Carta

• History of Divorce

• Family History on line - More About Probate Records

• Probate Records and Family History

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